Energy harvesting device

ABSTRACT

An energy harvester is provided. The energy harvester includes a permanent magnet and a coil. At least one of the permanent magnet and coil rotate completely about an axis such that relative movement between the permanent magnet and the coil is realized to generate an electrical current for use in powering a device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application Ser. No.61/177,789 filed on May 13, 2009 and entitled, “A circular energyharvesting device which captures rotational kinetic energy and produceselectrical power that can be stored as potential energy.” U.S.Application Ser. No. 61/177,789 is incorporated by reference herein inits entirety for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to energy harvesters. Moreparticularly, the present application involves energy harvesters thatare capable of generating energy upon being driven by rotational kineticforces, vibration forces, and/or fluid forces.

BACKGROUND

Electronic devices such as lights, vibration sensors, moisture sensors,pressure sensors, and electronic controls are commonly incorporated intovarious mechanical devices. For example, it is known to employ apressure monitoring system with a vehicle tire for use in informing thedriver of the vehicle of the status of the tire. Such pressuremonitoring systems are generally affixed to the rim onto which the tireis seated and are powered by a battery. The life of the battery may bethree or four years in length and generally coincides with the expectedlife of the tire so that the battery can be changed in the pressuremonitoring system at the same time the tire is replaced. However, inlonger life applications, such as when used on a tractor trailer tire,the battery in the pressure monitoring system may die before the tire isreplaced. This situation requires the user perform a maintenance task ofreplacing the battery, or alternatively leaving the dead battery aloneand foregoing the benefits of the use of the pressure monitoring system.

Mechanical devices often generate kinetic energy that is lost and neverutilized. For example, vibrations imparted onto a vehicle or objectduring transport, rotational motion present in a rotating wheel of avehicle, vibrations induced in a rotating shaft of a device, and waterflowing through an irrigation system all represent kinetic energy thatmay be wasted. Capturing and utilizing this potentially wasted kineticenergy may provide a power source for devices associated with theobject. Further, since the devices associated with the object may bedriven without the use of conventional batteries, maintenance time andexpense of replacing the batteries may be eliminated,

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including thebest mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is setforth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, whichmakes reference to the appended Figs. in which:

FIG. 1 is a front view of an energy harvester attached to a bicyclewheel in accordance with one exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2-2 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a front view of an energy harvester in accordance with anotherexemplary embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5-5 of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an energy harvester in accordancewith another exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an electrical power generation schemein accordance with one exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a hex inverting Schmitt trigger of FIG.7.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of an energy harvester configured as avibration monitor in accordance with another exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an energy harvester incorporatedinto an irrigation system in accordance with another exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 11 is a front cross-sectional view of an energy harvesterincorporated into a lighting device for an object in accordance withanother exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a top view of the energy harvester of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a side view of multiple energy harvesters of FIG. 11incorporated into an object that is a trailer of a tractor trailertruck.

FIG. 14 is a front cross-sectional view of an energy harvesterincorporated into a pressure monitoring system of a tire in accordancewith another exemplary embodiment.

Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification anddrawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features orelements of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF REPRESENTATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the invention,one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Eachexample is provided by way of explanation of the invention, and notmeant as a limitation of the invention. For example, featuresillustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used withanother embodiment to yield still a third embodiment. It is intendedthat the present invention include these and other modifications andvariations.

It is to be understood that the ranges mentioned herein include allranges located within the prescribed range. As such, all rangesmentioned herein include all sub-ranges included in the mentionedranges. For instance, a range from 100-200 also includes ranges from110-150, 170-190, and 153-162. Further, all limits mentioned hereininclude all other limits included in the mentioned limits. For instance,a limit of up to 7 also includes a limit of up to 5, up to 3, and up to4.5.

The present invention provides for an energy harvester 10 capable ofcapturing energy to convert same for use in devices 20 such as lights,vibration monitors, moisture sensors, solenoid valves, and pressuremonitors. The energy harvester 10 may be arranged so as to captureenergy otherwise wasted in the normal functioning of objects to convertsame for a useful purpose. For example, the energy harvester 10 can beincorporated into a bicycle wheel, rotating shaft, tractor trailer, railway car, irrigation system, or automobile tire to capture wasted energyexerted by these objects and convert same for storage or for the directdriving of a device 20 associated with the object in question. Incertain arrangements, the energy harvester 10 can capture rotationalkinetic energy and produce electrical power for use in powering thedevice 20.

One exemplary embodiment of the energy harvester 10 is illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 2. Here, the energy harvester 10 is attached to a wheel of abicycle 34 and functions as a safety light for the bicycle. The energyharvester 10 may be attached to the spokes of the wheel 34 and mayrotate about an axis 18. The axis 18 can be coaxial with the rotationalaxis of the wheel 34 of the bicycle. The energy harvester 10 has ahousing 24 that assumes a circular shape and extends 360° about the axis18 The housing 24 extends a generally uniform distance in the radialdirection and is spaced from the axis 18 so that an empty space ispresent at the center such that the axis 18 extends through the emptycenter of the energy harvester 10. The housing 24 may have anycross-sectional shape. In some arrangements, the housing 24 is made of anon-magnetic material.

A channel 26 is defined in the interior of the housing 24 and extendscompletely through the housing 24 so as to extend 360° about the axis18. The channel 26 may have a uniform shape and may have a round orsquare cross-sectional shape in accordance with various embodiments. Apermanent magnet 12 is located in the interior of the housing 24 andrides in the channel 26 defined in the interior. The permanent magnet 12may be disc shaped and can have a curved outer surface 28 that engagesthe channel 26. In other arrangements, the permanent magnet 12 need notbe disc shaped but can be variously formed. For example, the permanentmagnet 12 may be square, triangular, rectangular, or spherical inaccordance with other exemplary embodiments. Engagement between aconcave bottom surface 30 of the channel 26 and the convex curved outersurface 28 causes the permanent magnet 12 to roll along the channel 26as the housing 24, and hence channel 26, is rotated about the axis 18.The weight of the permanent magnet 12 may keep the permanent magnet 12located at a bottom location 22 of the energy harvester 10. The bottomlocation 22 may be defined as a 90° arc length of the housing 24 that isthe portion of the housing 24 located closest to the ground 36 when theaxis 18 is oriented in a horizontal direction. In this regard, as theenergy harvester 10 rotates, a different portion of the housing 24 willbe located closest to the ground 36 due to the rotation. This newportion will then be at the bottom location 22. In other arrangements,the arc length defining the bottom location 22 may be 45°, 60°, 120°, or180°. The permanent magnet 12 is located in the bottom location 22 theentire time as the housing 24 makes a complete rotation about the axis18. The bottom location 22 is the bottom location of the energyharvester 10 which also includes the bottom location of the housing 24.The channel 26 may be completely surrounded by the housing 24 in certainembodiments. In yet other arrangements, the channel 26 is not completelyencapsulated.

As such, during rotation of the housing 24, the permanent magnet 12remains at the bottom location 22 and is prevented from being spun 360°about the axis 18 due to the weight of the permanent magnet 12 beingpulled by gravity, and the curved/rotating engagement between thehousing 24 and the permanent magnet 12. In certain exemplaryembodiments, the permanent magnet 12 will remain in a relativelystationary position with respect to the axis 18. In other arrangements,the permanent magnet 12 may move some arc length about the axis 18 asthe housing 24 rotates due to forces such as friction or the particularengagement between these components. For example, in some embodiments,the permanent magnet 12 may move within an arc length from 1°−5°, from5°-10°, from 10°-20°, or up to 30° around the axis 18 during rotation ofthe housing 24.

The energy harvester 10 includes a coil 16 that is rigidly attached tothe housing 24 so that the relative position between the coil 16 and thehousing 24 does not change during use of the energy harvester 10. Inaccordance with one exemplary embodiment the coil 16 may have a helixcross-hatching design. Therefore, as the housing 24 rotates, the coil 16rotates with the housing and hence moves past the permanent magnet 12when the coil 16 moves through the bottom location 30 of the energyharvester 10. Relative movement between the permanent magnet 12 and thecoil 16 induces an electrical current in the coil 16. This electricalcurrent may be used to power a device 20 or can be stored for use inpowering a device 20 in the future at a desired time or for powering thedevice 20 when the energy harvester 10 is not being rotated. Multiplecoils 16 may be present in order to increase the amount of electricalcurrent generated during a complete rotation of the housing 24. Thecoils 16 can be positioned symmetrically or asymmetrically about thehousing 24. Further, any number of coils 16 can be used in otherembodiments. For example, from 1-5 or up to 30 coils may be present incertain arrangements. The electric current generated in all of the coils16 are transferred through a wire 96 to the device 20 that is to bepowered. The wire 96 may be a single wire that is attached to all of thecoils 16, or the wire 96 may comprise multiple wires extending fromindividual coils 16 that are not in electrical contact with one another.

Additional exemplary embodiments may make use of a second permanentmagnet 14 arranged in a similar manner as the permanent magnet 12 thatis disposed within the channel 26 in a likewise manner. The secondpermanent magnet 14 may function to increase the amount of electricalenergy generated by the energy harvester 10 as the amount of magneticfield contact with the coils 16 is essentially doubled as the coils 16move through the bottom location 22. The second permanent magnet 14 mayalso be located at the bottom location 22 the entire time as the housing24 makes a complete 360° rotation about the axis 18. A spacer (notshown) can be present between the permanent magnets 12 and 14 in orderto keep them from being attracted to one another and hence bindingwithin the channel 26 and being unintentionally pulled 360° around theaxis 18 during rotation of the housing 24. In other exemplaryembodiments, the spacer is not needed. Here, the permanent magnets 12and 14 may be arranged so that their polarities repel one another. Assuch, an empty space 32 is present between the permanent magnets 12 and14 at all times. Although shown as employing two permanent magnets 12and 14, it is to be understood that the energy harvester 10 may includeany number of permanent magnets in accordance with other exemplaryembodiments. Further, although described as rolling along the channel26, it is to be understood that the permanent magnets 12 and 14 mayslide or fall along the channel 26 in other arrangements and need notinclude a curved outer surface 28 for rolling.

FIGS. 3-5 disclose an alternative exemplary embodiment of the energyharvester 10 that is similar to the one shown in FIGS. 1-2. A number ofspoke clips 94 are present in order to effect attachment of the housing24 to the spokes of the bicycle. The spoke clips 94 may be provided asany type of mechanical fastener to effect the desired attachment.Electrical current generated in the coils 16 is transferred to thedevice 20. In the illustrated embodiment, the device 20 is a lightemitting diode that is illuminated through the generated power. Thedevice 20 is encapsulated within the housing 24 which includes a lens 98that functions to diffuse the light generated by the light emittingdiode as desired. The device 20 may include any number of light emittingdiodes disposed around the housing 24. For example, from 1-25 lightemitting diodes may be present in accordance with various exemplaryembodiments. Each coil 16 may be associated with a single light emittingdiode for its power needs, or the coils 16 may all be in communicationwith one another so as to charge a battery of the device 20 or otherwisepower all of the light emitting diodes present. The device 20 mayinclude a battery that functions to store power generated by therelative displacement between the permanent magnet 12 and coil 16 sothat the device 20 may still be powered even when the bicycle isstopped. Although described as being a light, the device 20 may bevariously configured in accordance with other exemplary embodiments. Forexample, the device 20 may function to monitor tire pressure, to monitorvibration, to generate a radio frequency transmission, to monitormoisture, to effect a timer, or to provide any combination of theaforementioned functions.

Other exemplary embodiments are possible in which the permanent magnets12 and 14 are not located within the housing 24. FIG. 6 shows oneexemplary embodiment in which the permanent magnets 12 and 14 arecarried by the housing 24 but are located beyond an outside surface 25of the housing 24. The housing 24 includes an interior into which aplurality of coils 16 are disposed. The coils 16 may be rigidly attachedto the housing 24 so that the relative positions of the coils 16 and thehousing 24 do not change. A carriage 38 is attached to the housing 24and is located beyond the outer surface 25 of the housing 24. Permanentmagnet 12 is carried by the carriage 38 such that the relative positionof the carriage 38 and the permanent magnet 12 does not change. Theoutside surface 25 of the housing 24 defines a slot 42 that is 360°around the housing 24 so as to extend 360° about the axis 18. One ormore projections extend from the carriage 38 and include one or morerollers 40 on their ends that are located within the slot 42. The weightof the carriage 38 and the permanent magnet 12 causes these elements toremain at the bottom location 22 during rotation of the housing 24. Aswith the previously described embodiments, the permanent magnet 12remains at the bottom location 22 and is not pulled around the axis 18although it may shift back and forth some amount of arc length. Therollers 40 will roll through the entire length of the slot 42 duringrotation so as to realize relative displacement between the permanentmagnet 12 and the coil 16 as previously discussed. A second permanentmagnet 14 may be located on the other side of the housing 24 from thepermanent magnet 12 and can be affiliated with a second carriage 39 toincrease the energy output of the system. The arrangement of the secondcarriage 39 may be the same as that of carriage 38 and a repeat of thisinformation is not necessary.

The device 20 may include a microprocessor that is powered by thegenerated electricity. The microprocessor may function to regulate thegenerated power and any electronic circuitry that can sense, monitorand/or count the rotation of the energy harvester 10. Further, althoughdescribed as being located within the housing 24, it is to be understoodthat the device 20 need not be located within the housing 24 in otherarrangements. The device 20 may be located outside of the housing 24 andthe wire 96 can be run to the device 20 in order to power same. Thedevice 20 may be located on the same wheel 34 of the bicycle as theenergy harvester 10, or the device 20 can be located at another portionof the bicycle and need not be on the same wheel 34 to which the energyharvester 10 is affixed.

FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate the electrical circuitry of the energyharvester 10 in accordance with one exemplary embodiment. As shown, theenergy harvester 10 includes ten coils 16 through which an alternatingcurrent impulse is generated upon passage of the coils 16 through themagnetic field generated by the permanent magnets 12 and 14. Each of thecoils 16 is associated with a rectifier bridge 104 that functions toconvert the alternating current impulse into direct current so that thesinusoidal outputs of the coils 16 do not cancel each other out uponbeing combined. A supercapacitor 100 is included in the circuit and ischarged in order to provide power to the device 20 when the energyharvester 10 is at rest and not currently generating power. Capacitor102 is provided and is used to filter noise from the signal that is sentto a hex inverting Schmitt trigger 106 that functions to convert theinput wave into a square wave that is then subsequently output to thedevice 20. FIG. 8 shows the configuration of the hex inverting Schmitttrigger 106 in accordance with one exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 9 discloses another exemplary embodiment of the energy harvester 10that is used for measuring the vibration of a shaft 44. The energyharvester 10 may be mounted directly onto the shaft 44 that is rotatingand whose vibration is desired to be measured. In other arrangements,the energy harvester 10 may be indirectly mounted to the shaft 44 suchas through a bearing or other element. The housing 24 includes a rotor48 that directly contacts the shaft 44 and is attached thereto so thatthe relative position between the rotor 48 and the shaft 44 does notchange as these elements rotate. The rotor 48 carries a device 20 thatcan include an electronics package and an accelerometer. Vibrationgenerated by the shaft 44 can be detected by the device 20 and may bestored for later retrieval or can be transmitted from the device 20 toanother instrument by way of radio frequency capability of the device20. The rotor 48 also includes one or more coils 16.

A bearing 50 is attached to the rotor 48 on its inner race and isattached to a rotating element 52 on its outer race. The bearing 50features enough resistance such that rotation of the rotor 48 causesboth the inner and outer races of the bearing 50 to rotate so that thisrotation is translated to the rotating element 52. As such, the rotatingelement 52 may be connected to the rotor 48 solely through the bearing50 such that the rotating element 52 contacts only the bearing 50 and noother element of the energy harvester 10 such as the rotor 48. Therotating element 52 may include one or more permanent magnets 12 and 14.Rotation of shaft 44 and attached rotor 48 may be at an rpm faster thanthat of the rotating element 52 due to the resistance imparted by thebearing 50. In other arrangements, one or more turbine fins 54 can bepresent on the rotating element 52 to provide resistance to turning ofthe rotating element 52 to thus slow the rotating element 52 such thatit functions to increase the relative motion between the coils 16 andthe permanent magnets 12 and 14. This relative motion creates electricalenergy that can be input into the device 20 in order to power thevibration sensor as required. Although shown as being associated withthe rotor 48, the coils 16 may be located on the rotating element 52,and the permanent magnets 12 and 14 may be carried by the rotor 48.

The axis 18 about which the rotor 48 and the rotating element 52 rotateis coaxial with the axis of the shaft 44. The axis 18 can be orientedvertically, horizontally, or at any degree relative to the ground 36.The various components of the energy harvester 10 described in FIG. 9can be arranged or modified in manners similar to those of previouslydiscussed embodiments and a repeat of this information is not necessary.The embodiment in FIG. 9 of the energy harvester 10 is varied fromprevious embodiments in that both the coils 16 and the permanent magnets12 and 14 rotate a complete 360° about the axis 18 during essentiallythe entire rotation of the shaft 44. Any amount of rotational differencebetween the rotor 48 and the rotating element 52 can be present inaccordance with various exemplary embodiments. The energy harvester 10thus captures energy generated through rotation of the shaft 44 for itsfunctioning which would otherwise be wasted.

Another exemplary embodiment of the energy harvester 10 is shown in FIG.10 incorporated into an irrigation system. The device 20 may be amoisture sensor and timer that is powered by the energy harvester 10.The device 20 may be capable of detecting when the ground 36 has beenprovided with a sufficient amount of moisture or is in need of watering.Further, the device 20 may additionally include a timer that is used toregulate the watering process. A microprocessor can be included in thedevice 20 so that the device 20 functions to turn on and off theirrigation system based upon measured readings, timing, commands from aremote location, or any combination thereof. When the device orders theirrigation system on, a signal may be sent to a solenoid valve control112 that in turn actuates a solenoid valve 110 to turn the irrigationsystem on or off. The solenoid valve control 112 may be a component ofthe device 20 or may be a separate component that is controlled and/orpowered by the device 20.

Water 66 in the irrigation system may flow through the solenoid valve110 when opened and through a central aperture of a turbine wheel 64. Ahousing 24 can surround the turbine wheel 64. The housing 24 may includea two piece wet housing assembly 68 that is bolted together and definesa pathway for the flow of water 66 therethrough such that the water 66contacts the wet housing assembly 68. The two piece wet housing assembly68 surrounds the turbine wheel 64. One or more turbine wheel bearingsupport fins 116 engage the interior of the two piece wet housingassembly 68. A turbine wheel bearing 114 is supported by the turbinewheel bearing support fins 116 and function to allow the turbine wheel64 to rotate about the axis 18. One or more transmission magnets 72 canbe attached to the turbine wheel 64 and can rotate therewith so that therelative position between these components does not change. Any numberof transmission magnets 72 may be present in accordance with variousexemplary embodiments.

The turbine wheel 64 is turned by water 66 flowing through theirrigation system and takes energy out of this flowing water to drivethe energy harvester 10. The vast majority of the water 66 flows throughthe central aperture of the turbine wheel 64 that is aligned with theaxis 18. Some of the water 66 is diverted radially along the turbinewheel 64 to contact the blades of the turbine wheel 64 that arepositioned radially around the turbine wheel 64. Contact of the water 66with the blades causes the turbine wheel 64 to be driven in the radialdirection. The turbine wheel bearing 114 functions as a radial bearingand a thrust bearing to accommodate the forces imparted upon the turbinewheel 64 through impact with the water 66. The diverted water 66 willflow through apertures associated with the turbine blades and thus exiton the other side of the turbine wheel 64 to mix with the water 66 thatflows through the central aperture of the turbine wheel 64.

The housing 24 may also include a dry housing assembly 70 that like thewet housing assembly 68 may be made of two pieces and bolted together.The dry housing assembly 70 can be arranged so that water 66 flowingthrough the energy harvester 10 does not contact the dry housingassembly 70. The device 20 can be located within the housing 24 and incertain embodiments may be located between the wet housing assembly 68and the dry housing assembly 70. A raceway 74 may also be located withina cavity defined between the assemblies 68 and 70, although in otherarrangements this need not be the case. The raceway 74 can extend 360°about the axis 18. The raceway 74 may be formed completely by the wethousing assembly 68, completely by the dry housing assembly 70, or by acombination of these two assemblies 68 and 70. In other embodiments, aseparate component can be located within the housing 24 to form theraceway 74. The raceway 74 may be encapsulated within the housing 24.The raceway 74 may feature curved surfaces such that its inner radialsurface may be convex in shape and its outer radial surface may beconcave in shape. One or more permanent magnets 12 and 14 can be locatedwithin the raceway 74. As previously discussed, any number of permanentmagnets 12 can be used. For example, from 1-20 permanent magnets 12 canbe employed in various embodiments of the energy harvester 10.

One or more coils 16 can be located within the housing 24. The coils 16may be located within the space defined between the wet housing assembly68 and the dry housing assembly 70. The coils 16 can be fixedly attachedto the housing 24 so that the coils 16 do move with respect to thehousing 24. As such, the coils 16 do not rotate about the axis 18.Movement of the permanent magnets 12 and 14 through the raceway 74 andthus completely around the axis 18 induces an electrical current in thecoils 16 in a manner as previously discussed. This electrical energy isthen transferred to a battery or the device 20 in order to power same ina manner as previously discussed. The transmission magnet 72 is thus inmagnetic communication with the permanent magnets 12 and 14 so thatthese magnets all rotate about the axis 18 at the same rate. Thetransmission magnets 72 function to transmit rotation of the turbinewheel 64 to the permanent magnets 12 and 14. This arrangement may bedone in order to more closely position the permanent magnets 12 and 14to the coils 16 during relative motion so that a stronger electricalcurrent can be generated. However, it is to be understood that otherembodiments are possible in which the transmission magnets 72 are notpresent In these arrangements, the permanent magnets 12 and 14 areattached directly to the turbine wheel 64 and move past the coils 16 togenerate an electrical impulse in the coils 16.

The energy harvester 10 can include various o-ring seals 118 between thewet housing assembly 68 and the solenoid valve 110 or other portions ofthe irrigation system in communication with water 66 flowing through theenergy harvester 10. The o-ring seals may function to prevent water 66from flowing into the interior of the housing 24 and damaging electricalcomponents therein. Further, one or more gasket seals 120 can be locatedbetween the two pieces forming the wet housing assembly 68 and betweenthe two pieces forming the dry housing assembly 70. It is to beunderstood that other arrangements are possible in which the housing 24is variously configured and does not include a wet housing assembly 68formed of two pieces connected to one another and/or a dry housingassembly 70 formed of two pieces connected to one another. The gasketseals 120 may further function to seal or prevent water 66 frompropagating to certain sections of the energy harvester 10. An externalelectrical connector 122 may be carried by the housing 24 should thepower generated by the energy harvester 10 be desired to be used todrive a device 20 outside of the energy harvester 10.

FIGS. 11-13 disclose another exemplary embodiment of the energyharvester 10. The energy harvester 10 may be used to provide energy to adevice 20 that can be one or more light emitting diodes used to provideillumination. The energy harvester 10 may generate electricity throughrelative motion between coil 16 and permanent magnet 12. The coil 16 andpermanent magnet 12 can be located within a housing 24. The housing 24may be attached to an object 80 that moves relative to the ground 36.Object 80 may be a vehicle such as a rail car or trailer of a tractortrailer truck. As illustrated, the object 80 is a trailer 88 of atractor trailer truck. The energy harvester 10 thus functions to provideillumination to the trailer 88 to increase visibility of the trailer 88at night. However, it is to be understood that the object 80 need not bea trailer 88 in other arrangements and can be any type of vehicle ordevice capable of moving with respect to the ground 36. The energyharvester 10 may be attached to a vertical surface 86 of the trailer 88.The housing 24 may be attached to the vertical surface 86 to effect thisconnection. However, in other embodiments, the energy harvester 10 neednot be attached to a vertical surface 86 but instead can be attached toa horizontal surface of the object 80 or to a surface that is disposedat an angle to the ground 36.

The energy harvester 10 can include a repulsing magnet 81 that isrigidly affixed to the housing 24 so that the relative position of therepulsing magnet 81 to the housing 24 does not change. The repulsingmagnet 81 can be located at the bottom of the housing 24 so as to belocated on a portion of the housing 24 that is closer to the ground 36than the interior of the housing 24 defined by the walls of the housing24. The permanent magnet 12 can be located above the repulsing magnet 81in the vertical direction 82 and can be arranged with respect to therepulsing magnet 81 so that their polarities are oriented so as torepulse one another. In this regard, an empty space 90 can be presentbetween the permanent magnet 12 and the repulsing magnet 81. Althoughnot shown, a plastic sleeve may be located around the permanent magnet81 so as to help confine the movement of the permanent magnet 81 toprevent same from moving laterally with respect to the repulsing magnet81. The weight of the permanent magnet 12 is balanced by the repulsingforce of magnet 81 so that the permanent magnet 12 floats in the housing24. Movement of the object 80 creates vibration forces that aretransferred to the entire energy harvester 10. These vibration forcescan be generated by simply traveling along a highway or other roadsurface as up and down forces will always be present in vehiclestraveling along the road to some degree to thus cause the permanentmagnet 12 to move in the vertical direction 82. Wind resistance may alsoimpart forces onto the energy harvester 10 to cause vibrations thereonthat may cause the permanent magnet 12 to vibrate. Vibrations impartedonto the energy harvester 10 cause the permanent magnet 12 to move upand down in the vertical direction 82. As the permanent magnet 12 isconstrained from moving in the lateral direction, its movement will bevertically up and down with respect to the coil 16 that surrounds thepermanent magnet 12.

Relative movement between the permanent magnet 12 and the coil 16 willcause electrical energy to be generated that will thus be used to powerthe device 20. The device 20 can include a light emitting diode that isilluminated by the power generated. The housing 24 may include a lens 84that functions to diffuse the light emitted by the light emitting diodeso that a desired illumination is generated. The device 20 will thusfunction as a side marker light for the trailer 88 to increasevisibility of the trailer 88. The area above the permanent magnet 12 caninclude rubber in order to absorb force imparted by the permanent magnet12 upon hitting the upper portion of the housing 24 if the permanentmagnet 12 is subjected to forces sufficient to move it against thislocation. In other exemplary embodiments, a second repulsing magnet maybe located above the permanent magnet 12 in the vertical direction 82 inorder to confine or limit movement of the permanent magnet 12 in thevertical direction 82.

A second permanent magnet 14 can be included and may be disclosed withina second coil 16 and repulsed by an additional repulsing magnet 81 toeffect generation of electrical current in a similar manner as permanentmagnet 12. The presence of the second arrangement increases the amountof power generated by the energy harvester 10. Any number of additionalcoils 16 and permanent magnets 12 can be employed in other exemplaryembodiments to generate a desired amount of power for the device 20.Again, although described as being located within the housing 24, thedevice 20 can be outside of the housing 20 in other embodiments. Theenergy harvester 10 can be used to power a device 20 initially providedby the manufacturer of the object 80, or can be used to power an add-onpiece of equipment subsequently added to the object 80. Also, the device20 can be used to perform other functions in addition to oralternatively to the generation of light. FIG. 13 illustrates a numberof energy harvesters 10 located on the vertical surface 86 of thetrailer 88 for use in illuminating the trailer 88 during night timedriving.

Another application for the energy harvester 10 is disclosed withreference to FIG. 14. Here, the energy harvester 10 is incorporated intoa pressure monitoring system 75 of a vehicle tire 76 that could be usedin an automobile, truck, or other vehicle. The pressure monitoringsystem 75 is used to monitor the amount of pressure within the vehicletire 76 that is the air pressure within the space between the vehicletire 76 and the rim 78 onto which the vehicle tire 76 is seated. Thepressure monitoring system 75 senses this air pressure and communicatessame via radio frequency or other means to a computer system of thevehicle that will alert the driver should the vehicle tire 76 pressurebecome low. A battery may be incorporated into the pressure monitoringsystem 75 to provide the power necessary to run same. The energyharvester 10 can be present in order to either charge a battery that inturn powers the pressure monitoring system 75, or may be present todirectly power the pressure monitoring system 75. The energy harvester10 may generate from 3-5 volts in certain exemplary embodiments to powerthe pressure monitoring system 75. The energy harvester 10 is mounted sothat its axis 18 is coaxial with the axis of rotation of the rim 78. Theenergy harvester 10 can be arranged in a manner similar to thatpreviously discussed with respect to the bicycle application in FIGS.1-6 and a repeat of this information is not necessary. However, insteadof powering one or more light emitting diodes as the device 20, thedevice 20 in the present exemplary embodiment is the pressure monitoringsystem 75. Rotation of the rim 78 during movement of the vehicle causesthe energy harvester 10 to generate power in the described manner thatin turn provides power to the pressure monitoring system 75. The energyharvester 10 may charge a battery of the pressure monitoring system 75or may store energy in a capacitor or battery of the energy harvester 10so that the pressure monitoring system 75 can be powered during times inwhich the vehicle is not moving and the rim 78 is not turning. Althoughdescribed as measuring pressure, it is to be understood that thepressure monitoring system 75 may monitor temperature, vehicleidentification, tread depth, mileage, and/or date or time of usage inaccordance with other exemplary embodiments. The energy harvester 10allows one to power the pressure monitoring system 75 until the life ofthe vehicle tire 76 has been exhausted thus eliminating any need toperform specific servicing of the pressure monitoring system 75 should aconventional battery to power the system 75 be used and die.

The various embodiments of the energy harvester 10 may include acapacitor or battery that is used to store the generated electricalenergy produced. Alternatively, the energy harvester 10 may not includean energy storage device but may instead be affiliated with a device 20that is only powered when the energy harvester 10 is moving or otherwisegenerating electricity. The device 20 may be a component of the energyharvester 10 in certain arrangements and may include a capacitor thatallows the generated energy to be stored so that the device 20 canfunction when energy is not being generated. The device 20 may include amicroprocessor that can manage and regulate the energy associated withthe electronic circuitry that can likewise sense, monitor or count therotation of the energy harvester 10.

The previously described embodiments can be altered in other exemplaryembodiments of the energy harvester 10. For example, the positions ofthe coil 16 and the permanent magnet 12 can be substituted for oneanother. Changing the positions of these components will still providefor the generation of electrical current because there will still berelative movement between the permanent magnet 12 and the coil 16. Assuch, in additional exemplary embodiments the positions of the permanentmagnets 12 and 14 and the coils 16 can be reversed with one another fromthat disclosed in all of the previously described exemplary embodiments.Further, it is to be understood that the disclosed methods of drivingthe energy harvester 10 are only exemplary and that others are possible.For example, the energy harvester 10 may be used as a wind generator andcan be driven by wind. The energy harvester 10 may be incorporated intoany type of turbine that is driven by wind, water, or other fluid foruse in generating electricity. Also, the energy harvester 10 can beincorporated into numerous applications besides those mentioned hereinthat serve to demonstrate various exemplary embodiments of the energyharvester 10. For example, the energy harvester 10 may be incorporatedinto a drive shaft or a helicopter shaft for use in supplying power to avibration monitoring device 20.

While the present invention has been described in connection withcertain preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the subjectmatter encompassed by way of the present invention is not to be limitedto those specific embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended for thesubject matter of the invention to include all alternatives,modifications and equivalents as can be included within the spirit andscope of the following claims.

What is claimed:
 1. An energy harvester, comprising: a permanent magnet;and a coil; wherein at least one of the permanent magnet and coil rotatecompletely about an axis such that relative movement between thepermanent magnet and the coil is realized to generate an electricalcurrent for use in powering a device.